E. Quantum mechanical model (1926)

II. Behavior of Excited Atoms (Read Section 13.3)

A. Nature of Light

1. Wave nature of light

a. Parts of a wave








_________________
_________________  - high point
_________________  - low point
________________________ - wave’s height from the origin to the top of the crest (or bottom
of the trough)
________________________ - distance from the top of one crest to the top of the next crest (or...)
 

b. Two variables that describe a wave

____________________       _______     (the Greek letter lambda)

units: __________________   or   ___________________

                              1 A = 1 x 10 ^-10    m

___________________       (the Greek letter "nu") 

Def'n:   the number of wave cycles to pass a given point per unit time

units: ______________________________  or  __________________________

                             1 Hz = 1 (cycle) / second where “cycle” is understood and not explicitly stated

                                     =  1 / sec
                                     = sec-1  =  s^-1


More:

AM radio waves broadcast in kHz (1 x 10³ / sec or 1 x 10³ sec^-1)
FM radio waves broadcast in MHz (1 x 10⁶/ sec or 1 x 10⁶ sec^-1)

_________________ = ________________ x ________________

                                   = ________________ x ________________ =


2.    Light is __________ part of the Electromagnetic spectrum

_______________________  ______________  - includes every different kind of energy that:

                                                                                1) has no mass

                                                                                2) travels at the speed of light

                                                                               3) can travel through a vacuum

                                                                               4) exists in "packets" called _________________

Light, Radio waves (and all other electromagnetic radiation) travel at:

___________________________ ( c ) = 3.00 x 10⁸ m/s               is a _______________

                             so: c =

Since c= constant, then  _______________     = constant. What does that tell us about the relationship between_________

 and___________ ?


Practice Problem: Interconverting wavelength and frequency

An AM radio wave broadcasts music at “960 on your radio dial”. Units for AM frequencies are given in kilohertz (kHz). Find the wavelength of these radio waves in m, nm, and Angstroms. Assume the waves travel at the speed of all electromagnetic radiation 3.00 x 108 m/s.












2. Light is one part of the Electromagnetic Spectrum

____________________   _________________ - continuum of radiant energy

 

Questions:
1) Name the types of electromagnetic radiation that are not visible.


2) Which of these invisible ray have more energy than visible light?
Explain.


3) What do all the rays in the electromagnetic spectrum have in common?

4) Which color of light has a longer wavelength, yellow or blue?

5) What kind of energy is also known as thermal energy?

6) How does the speed of microwaves compare with the speed of x-rays?
 

More Practice: Interconverting wavelength and frequency

A dental hygienist uses x-rays (        = 1.00 A ) to take a series of dental radiographs while the patient 

listens to a radio station (         = 325 cm) and looks out the window at the blue sky (       = 473 nm). 

What is the frequency (in s-1) of the electromagnetic radiation from each source? What station is the 

radio broadcasting at?















3. Particle nature of light

a. Two of the phenomena involving matter and energy that could not be explained by the wave nature of light in the early 1900’s:

1. _____________________ - the flow of current when ____________________ light of sufficient energy shines on a metal plate

________________________ - light of a single wavelength

________________________ - light of many wavelengths

Is sunlight monochromatic or polychromatic?

 

Examples of the photoelectric effect: _________________________

2. Atomic Emission Spectrum

b. To describe the particle nature of light:

_____________________ - “particle” or “packet” of light; light ___________________
_____________________ - fixed quantity; plural, quanta

E_photon =

E_photon =

h = _____________________ = 6.626 x 10^-34 J ^. s

   = frequency

Question: Why don’t we see “separate packets” or photons of light coming from a light bulb?
 

Practice Problem: calculate the energy of radiation from its frequency

1. Calculate the energy (in J) of a quantum of radiant energy (the energy of a photon) with a frequency of 5.00 x 10¹⁵ sec^-1?







2. The threshold photoelectric effect in tungsten is produced by light of wavelength 260 nm. Give the energy of a photon of this light in joules.






3. A cook uses a microwave oven to heat a meal. The wavelength of the radiation is 12.0 cm. What is the energy of one photon of this microwave radiation?







B. Types of Spectra

1. ______________________ spectra - “rainbow” of colors

Visible light is a _______________________ spectrum





1) List the colors of the visible spectrum in order of increasing wavelength.


2) What is the range of wavelengths from the electromagnetic spectrum that represents visible light?


2. _____________________ spectra - series of fine lines of individual colors separated by
colorless (black) spaces

For an “excited” atom:

_______________________ - electrons of an atom are not in there ground state

For example: when electricity is discharged through the gas or vapor of an element
1) _________________________________________________________________________________________
2) _________________________________________________________________________________________
3) _________________________________________________________________________________________
4) _________________________________________________________________________________________


Passing this light through a diffraction grating gives the _______________________________ of the element.

Example: the atomic emission spectrum of hydrogen is a ____________________________ spectrum
 

There are______________________ ______________________ ____________________ in the hydrogen spectrum.
1) there is one ________________________ line at _______________
2) there is one ________________________line at ________________
3) there is one ________________________ line at _______________
4) there is one ________________________ line at _______________

This series of visible lines is called the _______________________. This series is due to the transition of electrons from higher energy levels to the ___________ energy level.
There are two other series associated with the Hydrogen spectrum that are not visible.
The ______________________ corresponds to the transition of high energy “excited” electrons to ____________energy level. These lines are in the ____________________spectrum.
The ______________________ correspond to the transition of “excited” electrons to the _____________________ level. These lines are the ____________ spectrum.

 

Every element has a ________________ ______________ __________________ ____________________ that can be used to identify the elements.

Question: How was helium discovered?





III. Back to Bohr and more...

A. The Bohr Model of the Atom

1. The Model







2. Bohr’s ideas:

1) _______________________________________________ (this was Rutherford’s discovery)

2) _______________________________________________________________________________________;
the electrons have a fixed energy and do not lose energy while in this orbit; these orbits are referred to as energy levels

3) when an electron moves from one energy level to another, ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

4)______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________;energy levels become more closely spaced the farther the distance from the nucleus; it takes less energy for an electron to escape the further away the electron is from the nucleus;

5) ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________


3. The problems with Bohr’s model:

1) _________________________________; it failed to predict the spectrum of any other atom other than H

2) ________________________________________________________________

but ... it still holds that

1) _______________________________________________________________

2) we still use the terms ____________________________ and ___________________________


B. The Quantum Mechanical Model

Erwin Schrodinger (1926)

Used Bohr’s ideas to derive a mathematical equation which describes the location and energy of electrons

describes an atom that has certain quantities of energy

electrons have wavelike properties

atomic orbitals are __________________________________ where the probability of finding the electrons are high

Types of orbitals:

s p d
 

C. Where do the electrons go?

1. The Energy Levels

n = ______________________________

indicates the ________________________ of the orbital and the
___________________________________

the ___________________ the n value, the ____________ the ____________

Example: for the H atom in the ground state, its electron is in the n=1 level

2. The Sublevels, Orbitals, and Spin

the ________________________ are the ____________shapes (“speedy frank”)

each __________________ has _______ orbital (each s sublevel can hold _____ electrons)

each __________________ has _______ orbitals (each p sublevel can hold _____electrons)

each __________________ has _______ orbitals (each d sublevel can hold _____ electrons)

each __________________ has _______ orbitals (each f sublevel can hold ______ electrons)

 

_______________________________________________________; each with opposite spin

3. The Energy Levels; Atomic Orbitals; Electrons for n=1 to n=4

Energy Level                                          Sublevels                                              Maximum  Number of e-








What is the maximum number of electrons that can be found in any energy level?

__________________________________________________________________


4. Review of Energy Levels, Sublevel, and Orbitals

a. Energy levels are designated by the letter _______ and are
numbered ________ .
__________________ is ________________to the nucleus.
__________________ is ________________ from the nucleus.

b. Each energy level contains as many sublevels as the number of the energy level.

Ex. When __________, there are ____ sublevels: _____ and _____ .


c. Each energy level contains __________ orbitals.

Ex. When ______ , there are ______ orbitals

Ex. When _________ , there are ______ sublevels (3s, 3p, 3d) and
________ orbitals.


d. Since each orbital contains ________ electrons, the maximum number of electrons that an energy level can hold is _________ .

Ex. When _________, there are _____ electrons in the second energy
level.

Ex. When ________ , there are sublevels
there are n2 or orbitals
there are 2n2 or electrons












5. How do electrons fill these energy levels?

a. Follow three rules:

1) __________________________: Electrons enter the lowest energy orbital first.

2) _________________________________________: An atomic orbital can only hold two electrons.

3) ________________________: No electron pairing takes place until each orbital of a given set contains one electron.

b. Order of filling sublevels


1s
2s 2p
3s 3p 3d
4s 4p 4d 4f
5s 5p 5d 5f 5g
6s 6p 6d 6f 6g
7s 7p


c. Aufbau Orbital Diagram


















Aufbau Orbital Diagram Electron Configuration

H: _____
1s

He: _____
1s

Li: _____ _____
1s 2s

Be: _____ _____
1s 2s


Example:

Write the Aufbau orbital diagram and the electron configuration for the element potassium.












e. Shorthand notation

Ex. Write the long form of electron configuration and the shorthand configuration of calcium.